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Compare and contrast the structure of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell types.

Assessment Criteria – you will address these criteria by completing the Assignment Task
1.1	Explain the basic structure and differences between cell types.
1.2	Explain the structure of DNA.
1.3	Summarise the distinctive features of the main tissue types in the body.
2.1	Explain the components of blood and relate the structure of red blood cells to their role in transport.
3.1	Explain the structure and function of the circulatory system.
3.2	Describe the position of major blood vessels and distinguish between systemic and pulmonary circulation.
4.1	Explain the structure of blood vessels in relation to their function.
5.1	Explain the internal and external heart structure.
5.2	Explain the role of the heart and the cardiac cycle.
5.3	Summarise how heart rate is modified according to the needs of the body.
6.1	Explain the role of hydrostatic and osmotic pressure in the formation and re-absorption of tissue fluid.
6.2	Explain oedema and some possible causes.
7.1	Explain the structure of the respiratory system.
7.2	Explain how breathing and gas exchange occur and how oxygen is carried around the body.
7.3	Explain how diseases such as asthma and emphysema compromise the uptake of oxygen and the effect of smoking on this system.
8.1	Explain the structure and function of the excretory system.

Assignment Task

3 Tasks

Task 1 – Cells, DNA and Tissues

Word count guideline: 1100 words

Cells - There are many different cells found in the human body; they have many different shapes and many different functions.

Cells that naturally occur within the mammalian body are collectively called eukaryotic; cells that do not naturally occur in the mammalian body are collectively called prokaryotic.

Question 1 (1.1)

• Compare and contrast the structure of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell types. (150 words)

Answer:

• Explain how the following body cell types are adapted to perform their specific function:
  • Macrophage
  • Motor Neuron
  • Male Gamete (250 words)

Answer:

DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) has a structure called a twisted helix.

Question 2 (1.2)

• Draw, or label, a downloaded diagram of part of a strand of DNA that is dividing for replication.

Answer:

• Fully explain the structure of DNA, including details of the base pairings and structure on replication during mitosis. (200 words)

Answer:

Tissues – There are four main tissue types found in the human body.

Question 3 (1.3, 2.1)

• Name these four types of tissue.

Answer:

• Summarise the distinctive features of each tissue type.  Include details of locations within the body where each tissue type might be found. (350 words)

Answer:

• Sometimes connective tissue has a liquid matrix and is therefore fluid in nature. Blood is an example of a fluid connective tissue.  Explain the components of blood, including the liquid matrix and the ‘embedded cells’. Include how the structure of erythrocytes facilitates their vital role in transportation. (150 words)

Answer:

Task 2 – Fluid within the body

Word count guideline: 500 words

The human body is approximately 60% water.  Water is vital to the body as all the nutrients that the body needs to function effectively are transported around the body within a fluid environment.

Water is contained in ‘body fluid compartments’.  One of these compartments contains interstitial fluid, sometimes called tissue fluid.  It is vital that fluid is maintained at the correct level in the ‘body fluid compartments’.

Question 1 (6.1)

Explain how the formation and absorption of tissue fluid occurs, referring to the processes of hydrostatic and osmotic pressure in a capillary bed. (250 words)

Answer:

Question 2 (6.2)

Sometimes, interstitial fluid builds up within the tissues. There are various reasons why this might happen.

Both John and Javinda have gone to see their GP; both have pedal oedema.  Explain oedema and give reasons why John and Javinda might both have this condition. (250 words)

Answer:

Task 3 – Body Systems

Circulatory System and Heart

Word count guideline: 1000 words

Question 1 (3.1. 3.2)

Draw/create a flowchart diagram of the circulatory system to demonstrate dual circulation.  Explain the systemic and pulmonary circulatory systems identifying, by name, a minimum of 6 vessels that supply oxygenated blood and a minimum of 6 vessels that drain deoxygenated blood from various organs or areas of the body.  (150 words)

Answer:

Question 2 (4.1)

Explain the differences in structure between arteries, veins and capillaries. (150 words)

Answer:

Question 3 (5.1, 5.2, 5.3)

• The heart is a distinctive organ of the body.  Explain the external structure of the heart in relation to tissue structure, location in situ, surrounding structures and blood supply.  (250 words)

Answer:

• Explain the internal structure of the heart with reference to chambers and valves.  (200 words)

Answer:

• Relating to the heart and blood flow, explain the process of a cardiac cycle. Your explanation should describe how the heart rate is modified by the nervous system and endocrine system (hormones). (250 words)

Answer:

Respiratory System and Gas Exchange

Word count guideline: 1000 words

Question 4 (7.1, 7.2, 7.3)

• Draw/create a flowchart diagram of the respiratory system that clearly identifies the movement of gases.

Answer

• Identify the major organs of the respiratory system and explain how the tissue structures are adapted to support the functions of these organs. (400 words)

Answer:

• Explain the mechanical process of breathing and the cellular process of gaseous exchange at alveolar level.  (300 words)
  Answer:

• Conditions that affect the lungs and compromise the uptake of oxygen are sometimes exacerbated by lifestyle choices.

Evaluate this statement with regards to the conditions of asthma and emphysema and the lifestyle choice of the traditional smoking of tobacco. (300 words)

Answer:

The Excretory System

Word count guideline: 400 words

Question 5 (8.1)

Explain the structure and function of the ‘excretory system’, including an analysis of the impact on homeostasis of the various processes and organs that are associated with the excretory process. Your answer should include reference to:

• Skin
• Liver
• Kidneys
• Lungs
• Large intestine

Answer:

Word count guideline: 4000 words

Sanctions apply for graded assessments that are over/under the allocated word limit by more than 10% - please see Student Handbook for details.

Example Answer:

Compare and contrast the structure of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell types.

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are the two primary types of cells found in living organisms, and they differ significantly in their structure and organisation. Here’s a comparison and contrast of their structures:

Eukaryotic Cells

1. Nucleus: Eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane. This nucleus houses the cell`s genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.

2. Organelles: They contain various membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria (for energy production), endoplasmic reticulum (for protein and lipid synthesis), Golgi apparatus (for modification and packaging of proteins), and lysosomes (for digestion).

3. Size: Eukaryotic cells are generally larger than prokaryotic cells, typically ranging from 10 to 100 micrometres in diameter.

4. Genetic Material: The DNA in eukaryotic cells is linear and associated with histone proteins, forming chromatin within the nucleus.

5. Ribosomes: Eukaryotic cells have ribosomes that are larger and more complex than those in prokaryotic cells (80S ribosomes, composed of a 60S large subunit and a 40S small subunit).

6. Cell Division: Eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis (for somatic cells) or meiosis (for reproductive cells), which involves complex processes to ensure accurate chromosome segregation.

7. Examples: Eukaryotic cells are found in animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

Prokaryotic Cells

1. Nucleus: Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus. Instead, their genetic material (DNA) is located in a nucleoid region without a surrounding membrane.

2. Organelles: They do not have membrane-bound organelles. All functions occur in the cytoplasm or on the cell membrane. They may have structures like ribosomes and occasionally inclusion bodies for storage.