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Describe organ systems within a healthy human body.

Submission Front Sheet

Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Ill Health (Unit 9)

 

Key Dates

Formative assessment Dropbox opens in week 6                                                                

Particulars	Key Dates
Semester starts	13/01/2025
Semester ends	04/04/2025
Formative assessment Dropbox opens	17/02/2025
Formative assessment Dropbox closes	09/03/2025
Final SUBMISSION box opens on	10/03/2025
Final SUBMISSION box closes on	06/04/2025 [Sunday 23:59 hours]
Summative Feedback will be given on	25/04/2025
Referral Dropbox will open from	07/04/2025
Referral Dropbox closes on	24/05/2025
Referral result declared	Ongoing within 2 weeks of submission

Introduction

Purpose and Aim

The aim of this unit is to provide students with background knowledge and understanding of how the healthy human body works and changes that take place during ill health, both physical and mental. Being able to recognise when any individual is becoming unwell or recovering from illness are critical skills for a career in healthcare.

The unit will explore how body systems function and interrelate during health and ill health. The focus will be on managing risks to health, e.g. infection, dehydration and malnutrition, pressure sores and the importance of early warning systems which recognise and respond to individuals whose condition is deteriorating. The unit will engage students in practical observations of the healthy human body and signs and symptoms of ill health. The skills developed will enable students to interpret normal and abnormal physiological measurements for any individual and respond appropriately to changes.

Topics included will be an overview of the anatomy and physiology of cardiac, respiratory, digestive, urinary and nervous systems as well as how these are affected in common long-term conditions and illnesses such as diabetes, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and dementia. On successful completion of the unit, the knowledge and skills gained will lead to students being able to contribute to improved care and better outcomes for individuals with complex conditions, in their roles as healthcare workers.

On successful completion of the unit, the knowledge and skills gained will lead to students being able to contribute to improved care and better outcomes for individuals with complex conditions, in their roles as healthcare workers.  

Learning Outcomes (LOs)

By the end of this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe organ systems within a healthy human body.
2. Explain the interrelationship of body systems in health and ill health from a physiological perspective.
3. Investigate how physiological measurements in the body are affected by ill health. Analysing the role of human body systems in homeostasis for health and ill health
4. Implement planned care interventions based on an individual’s physiological measurements which contribute to reducing risks to health.

Your submissions should demonstrate your understanding of how your research links coherently to the different aspects of the Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology for Health and ill Health. Any work submitted should include evidence of your research with references (Harvard Referencing).

Assignment Title:

Task A Submission Format – Individual report

This submission will be in the form of an individual report submitted using a WORD processed document. PDF and other types of files are not accepted. The recommended length of this submission is 2000 words, although you will not be penalised for exceeding 2000 words. Where appropriate, learning theory and additional research must be used, and referenced according to the Harvard Referencing system. The work must include a bibliography for all referenced work using the Harvard referencing system.

 

Unit Learning Outcomes

LO1 Describe organ systems within a healthy human body LO2 Explain the interrelationship of body systems in health and ill-health from a physiological perspective

Assignment Brief and Guidance

Scenario and Activity: You are a senior healthcare assistant working in an NHS hospital. You were seconded to pursue a course in health and social care for two years. Upon your return, your line manager has asked you to write a report to support new healthcare assistants in their learning about the organ systems within a healthy human body. You will need to produce a report for this activity to critically analyse in relation to homeostasis for health and ill health: The role, structure and function of different body systems for health and ill health, The function of a human body cell and its role during osmosis and diffusion. A comparison of the differences between the healthy human body with individuals who have ill health How the cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system work together to provide energy for the healthy human body and maintain life and health of the individual.

 

Task B Submission Format – Essay

This submission will be in the form of an essay submitted using a WORD processed document. PDF and other types of files are not accepted. The recommended length of this submission is 2000 words, although you will not be penalised for exceeding 2000 words. Where appropriate, learning theory and additional research must be used, and referenced according to the Harvard Referencing system. The work must include a bibliography for all referenced work using the Harvard referencing system.           Remember to include the case scenarios given in your answers. If you are a health care professional, use your own organization’s health care practice.

 

Unit Learning Outcomes

LO3 Investigate how physiological measurements in the body are affected by ill health. LO4 Plan care interventions based on an individual’s physiological measurements which contribute to reducing risks to health.

 

Assignment Brief and Guidance

Scenario: Mr. John is a 75-year-old male, who recently lost his wife. He has refused to eat for the past six days and presented with symptoms, such as low mood and depression, as well as flaky skin. Although he claimed to be eating well, his relatives confirmed he hardly ate anything. Initial assessment results of his weight, blood pressure, and body mass index are given below, with further assessment revealing the presence of poor personal hygiene and dirty clothing (relatives reported that he did not change his clothes or had a shower during the past few days). Biographical data: Elderly service user Reason for seeking care: Relatives’ concern History of health/illness: Refuses to eat / take medication Past Medical History: High blood pressure (Currently on Ramipril, 5mg OD). Vital Sign Measurements: Blood pressure: 169/100 mmHg right arm Pulse: 79 bpm (radial), 2+, regular rhythm Temperature: 37.2°C tympanic Current Body Mass Index: 18Kg/m2 Previous weight: 70kg Height: 1.78m (As a good practice, students will have to calculate previous body mass index according with NHS calculator) Activity: As a healthcare practitioner, you will need to produce a person-centred care plan to improve the health of Mr. John or for an individual who is suffering from ill health in own workplace setting, and critically evaluate it together with the associated records of physiological measurements to identify areas of good practice and areas for improvement including the effectiveness of the care plan in communicating the individual’s needs and requirements to others involved in caring for the individual. In order to do so, you will have first to interpret normal and abnormal physiological measurements in the case of Mr. John, or for an individual with ill heath in own workplace setting and justify the actions you took when physiological measurements are outside normal limits before preparing a risk assessment which minimises harm to the health of the selected individual and then producing the care plan which includes interventions that improve the selected individual’s ill-health and associated outcomes.

 

Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria
Pass	Merit	Distinction
LO1 Describe organ systems within a healthy human body		LO1 and LO2 D1 Critically analyse the role of body systems in homeostasis for health and ill health
P1 Outline the function of a human body cell and its role during osmosis and diffusion P2 Describe the structure and function of different body systems in the healthy human body	M1 Compare differences in the healthy human body with individuals who have ill health
LO2 Explain the interrelationship of body systems in health and ill-health from a physiological perspective
P3 Explain how body systems co-operate to maintain life and health of the individual	M2 Examine how the cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive system work together to provide energy for the healthy human body
LO3 Investigate how physiological measurements in the body are affected by ill health		LO3 and LO4 D2 Critically evaluate own care plan and associated records of physiological measurements for an individual with ill health to identify areas of good practice and areas for improvement
P4 Interpret normal and abnormal physiological measurements for an individual with ill heath in own workplace setting	M3 Justify actions taken when physiological measurements are outside normal limits
LO4 Plan care interventions based on an individual’s physiological measurements which contribute to reducing risks to health
P5 Prepare a risk assessment which minimises harm to the health of an individual with ill health in own workplace setting P6 Produce a person-centred care plan which includes interventions that improve an individual’s ill health and associated outcomes	M4 Assess the effectiveness of the care plan in communicating the individual’s needs and requirements to others involved in caring for the individual

	GRADING DETAILS

 

 

 

Achievement of a pass grade

A pass grade is achieved by meeting all the requirements defined in the PASS assessment criteria for each individual unit.

Achievement of a merit grade

All the PASS assessment criteria and MERIT grade criteria need to be completed within a unit to achieve a merit grade.

Achievement of a distinction grade

All the PASS assessment criteria, MERIT and DISTINCTION criteria must be completed within a unit to achieve a distinction grade.

ALL GRADES ARE PROVISIONAL UNTIL INTERNALLY VERIFIED AND UNTIL EXTERNALLY CERTIFIED BY EDEXCEL.

THIS MEANS THAT A GRADE CAN BE CHANGED AT ANY POINT UNTIL EDEXCEL CERTIFIES IT

As per Pearson policy, you are only allowed two submissions per module. One for final submission and another one for referral. Failure to achieve a grade pass after a second submission will result in you having to repeat the module in the next term.

Any re-submission or late submission (unless authorised due to mitigating circumstances) will be capped at a PASS grade only.

• Present your work in one report style which should include a cover page, table of contents, introduction, conclusion, reference list, foot or end notes and appendices, if any.
• Include the reference code of this assignment on your assignment submission front page.
• Sign the Learner’s Statement of authenticity in the cover page. Failure to do so will result in the submission being declined.
• Ensure the following information is in the footer on every page:
• Your name
• The production date of your submission
• The code number of your assignment brief
• The page number (Each page must be numbered at the bottom right-hand side)
• Spell-check the document and make sure there are no grammatical errors as it may result in the submission being declined.
• Complete all the tasks in a Holistic manner as set in the brief and without separating the assessment criteria to avoid a potential referral.
• Create your own titles and sub-headings to structure the work without copying the assessment criteria verbatim.
• Produce clear specific reasoning and arguments in support of your answers.
• Submit your work in a single WORD processed document of not more than 5000 words for all learning Outcomes. This word limit is only for guidelines and is not applied to grading. PDF and other types of files are not accepted.
• You must include a bibliography at the end to show where your information was sourced. Failure to do so may result in the submission being declined
• Your sources must be identified using the Harvard referencing system. The words used in your bibliography will not be included in your word count.
• You must use Arial, size 12, 1.5 line spacing and black to format the text.

To access any feedback (formative/summative) you will have to access Moodle and open your assignment. You will have to click on the blue comment box in the righthand side and the feedback will appear within the text. You might have to click on the blue bubbles to see the feedback.

Extension and Late Submission

If an extension is necessary for a valid reason, requests must be made in writing using a course work extension request form to the head of department. Please note that the lecturers do not have the authority to extend the coursework deadlines and therefore do not ask them to award a coursework extension.

The completed form must be accompanied by evidence such as a medical certificate in the event of you being sick.

Plagiarism and Collusion

Any act of plagiarism and collusion will be seriously dealt with according to the regulations and MRC Malpractice policy

Plagiarism occurs when a student misrepresents any work submitted as his/her own work, the work of any other person or of any institution. Examples of forms of plagiarism include:

• the verbatim (word for word) copying of another’s work without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement.
• the close paraphrasing of another’s work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation, without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement.
• unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another’s work;
• The deliberate and detailed presentation of another’s concept as one’s own.

All types of work submitted by students are covered by this definition, including, written work, diagrams, designs, engineering drawings and pictures.

Collusion occurs when, unless with official approval (e.g., in the case of group projects), two or more students consciously collaborate in the preparation and production of work which is ultimately submitted by each in an identical, or substantially similar, form and/or is represented by each to be the product of his or her individual efforts.

All submissions for assessment must be submitted on Moodle to generate a Turnitin Report on similarity to detect potential plagiarism and collusion.

The maximum Turnitin score admissible is 15% but a submission can be classified as plagiarism and/or collusion with a lower score depending on the size of the submission and size of the text highlighted.

Assignments with plagiarism/ad or collusion will be automatically referred for reworking and resubmission. Please check the MRC Assessment policy as well as MRC Malpractice policy for details of the potential penalties as a procedure.

Including pictures of text (apart from the cover page or table of content) or pictures of any other type of information (diagram for example) without a citation and a Harvard Reference could be deemed to be an attempt of malpractice and could trigger an automatic referral as well as a malpractice procedure.

Any student might be called to seat through a viva with the lecturer to confirm any parts of the submission through an interview which will then form part of the summative assessment.

Using Artificial Intellegence

AI tools have proliferated and become more common and as a result, their usage for research has increased which prompted change of government policies in this matter.

Overall, it remains too easy for students to misunderstand how they can use Generative Artificial Intelligence tools and unintentionally breach academic integrity guidelines.

Research of information and the writing of academic work must always be performed by the student, and while it is acceptable to use an AI tool to start a research process, it is not allowed to use it to write a submission in your place.

The important part is to understand that the best way to produce a work is to research it through traditional methods (books articles, websites, journals).

Yet, AI tools could be used to help with the research but only as a starting point. Having found information, thanks to an AI tool, about a topic you are writing about, you should then research it using these traditional methods and include the references and citations based on these resources in your work.

Once you have the correct information, you need to write the assignment yourself, using an AI tool to do this for you is never allowed. The usage of paraphrasing tools might be appropriate to find alternative to some words and short sentences, but not or a whole paragraph/page/ work.

The same way Mont Rose College is using a similarity detection system, an AI detection tool is embedded in our systems and every submission you make will go through both of them.

Submissions for assessment that consist of large substantially unmodified output from Artificial Intelligence software may be considered as a very poor academic practice as it does not represent the student’s own work.

To this effect, the limit on AI detection has been set at 50%. If a submission is over that allowance, the submission could be rejected and awarded a Referral and/or the student called to seat through a viva with the lecturer to confirm any parts of the submission through an interview which will then form part of the summative assessment.

In cases where an individual persistently exhibits poor academic practice through inappropriate use of Artificial Intelligence tools, such as a lack of evidencing their use of the tools, they may be referred to the academic misconduct procedures and the range of the potential penalties.

Describe organ systems within a healthy human body

The human body is an amazing and complex structure made up of different organ systems. Each system has a special job, but all of them work together to keep the body healthy and functioning properly. There are eleven main organ systems in the body, and each one plays a unique role in maintaining life.

1. The Circulatory System

The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system, is responsible for transporting blood, oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body. It includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries).

• The heart pumps blood, ensuring that oxygen-rich blood reaches the organs and tissues.
• Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart, while veins return oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.
• Capillaries are tiny blood vessels where oxygen and nutrients pass into the cells, and waste products are collected.

This system is crucial because it keeps every part of the body supplied with oxygen and nutrients, helping cells to function properly.

2. The Respiratory System

The respiratory system helps us breathe. It allows oxygen to enter the body and removes carbon dioxide, which is a waste gas produced by cells. The main organs in this system include the nose, trachea (windpipe), lungs, and diaphragm.

• When we breathe in, air enters through the nose or mouth and travels down the trachea into the lungs.
• Inside the lungs, oxygen moves into the blood, while carbon dioxide is removed from the blood and exhaled.
• The diaphragm, a muscle below the lungs, helps with breathing by moving up and down.

Without this system, our bodies would not get the oxygen needed for survival.

3. The Digestive System

The digestive system helps break down food into nutrients that the body can use for energy, growth, and repair. It includes the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.

• The mouth chews food and mixes it with saliva to make swallowing easier.
• The oesophagus moves food to the stomach.
• The stomach breaks food down further with acids and enzymes.
• The small intestine absorbs nutrients from food into the bloodstream.
• The large intestine absorbs water and forms waste (stool), which is then excreted.
• The liver helps with digestion by producing bile, which breaks down fats.
• The pancreas releases enzymes to help digest food.

A healthy digestive system ensures that the body gets the right nutrients to stay strong and active.

4. The Nervous System

The nervous system controls everything in the body, from movement to thoughts and emotions. It includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

• The brain is the control centre, sending and receiving signals.
• The spinal cord carries messages between the brain and the rest of the body.
• Nerves spread throughout the body, allowing us to feel sensations like pain, heat, and pressure.

This system is essential because it helps us think, move, and respond to the world around us.

5. The Muscular System

The muscular system helps us move, stand, and even breathe. It includes three types of muscles:

• Skeletal muscles, which are attached to bones and help with voluntary movements like walking.
• Smooth muscles, which are found in internal organs like the stomach and intestines. These muscles work automatically.
• Cardiac muscle, which is found only in the heart and helps it pump blood.

Muscles work by contracting and relaxing, allowing movement. Without them, we wouldn’t be able to perform simple actions like blinking or lifting objects.

6. The Skeletal System

The skeletal system provides structure and support to the body. It includes bones, joints, and cartilage.

• Bones protect organs, store minerals, and produce blood cells.
• Joints allow movement, like bending knees and elbows.
• Cartilage is a flexible tissue that cushions joints and prevents bones from rubbing together.

The skeleton also plays a role in movement, as muscles are attached to bones and help us move.

7. The Endocrine System

The endocrine system is made up of glands that release hormones into the blood. These hormones control body functions like growth, metabolism, and mood. Important glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, and reproductive glands.

• The pituitary gland is called the “master gland” because it controls other glands.
• The thyroid controls metabolism and energy levels.
• The pancreas helps regulate blood sugar.
• The adrenal glands produce hormones that help the body respond to stress.
• The reproductive glands (ovaries in women and testes in men) produce hormones related to reproduction.

Hormones help keep the body balanced and functioning properly.

8. The Urinary System

The urinary system removes waste and maintains water balance in the body. It includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

• The kidneys filter waste and extra water from the blood to create urine.
• The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
• The bladder stores urine until it is ready to be expelled.
• The urethra carries urine out of the body.

This system helps keep the blood clean and prevents harmful waste from building up.

9. The Immune System

The immune system protects the body from infections and diseases. It includes white blood cells, lymph nodes, and the spleen.

• White blood cells fight bacteria, viruses, and other harmful invaders.
• Lymph nodes filter harmful substances from the body.
• The spleen helps produce and store immune cells.

Without the immune system, our bodies would not be able to fight infections.

10. The Integumentary System

The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, and nails.

• The skin is the body’s largest organ and protects against germs, regulates temperature, and helps with sensation.
• Hair provides some protection and helps regulate body temperature.
• Nails protect the fingers and toes.

This system acts as a barrier between the body and the outside world.

11. The Reproductive System

The reproductive system allows humans to produce offspring.

• In males, it includes the testes, penis, and related glands. The testes produce sperm and hormones like testosterone.
• In females, it includes the ovaries, uterus, and vagina. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones like oestrogen.

This system ensures the survival of the human species.

How Organ Systems Work Together

Each organ system has its own job, but they are all connected. For example:

• The respiratory system brings in oxygen, and the circulatory system delivers it to cells.
• The digestive system provides nutrients, and the muscular system uses them for energy.
• The nervous system controls movements, and the skeletal system provides support.

If one system stops working properly, it can affect the whole body. This is why keeping each system healthy through a good diet, exercise, and medical care is important.

Conclusion

The human body is a well-organised structure with different organ systems working together to maintain life. Each system plays an essential role, from breathing and digestion to movement and reproduction. By understanding these systems, we can appreciate how our bodies function and how to keep them healthy.